For the past four years, Nicolás Maduro, the Venezuelan leader, has been shunned by the West. Following disputed elections in 2018, his second term in office has not been recognised by many countries, including the United States and the members of the European Union. Indeed, many have openly called him a dictator. However, in November 2022, he had a very public and friendly meeting with the French President Emmanuel Macron, who openly called him president. At the same time, the United States also seems to be changing position. So, what has happened? And is Venezuela still a dictatorship? (Indeed, was it ever really one?)
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Venezuela has a fascinating history. Sitting on the world’s largest oil reserves, it is widely seen as an excellent example of a country suffering from the resource curse – the phenomenon whereby countries with a lot of natural wealth do badly economically and politically. Once one of the richest and most stable states in South America, these problems have grown over the past 25 years. Under Hugo Chavez, the country’s firebrand socialist leader, tensions started to grow. However, it has been under his successor that the problems have really escalated. As economic problems worsened, Maduro clamped down on civil liberties, leading many to accuse him of increasingly authoritarian behaviour. But this all came to a head after disputed elections in 2018. Although he was sworn in for a second term in 2019, this was rejected by Venezuela’s National Assembly, which appointed Juan Guaidó as the interim president. This was widely recognised by the West as well as many South American states. But after a number of years of strong opposition to Maduro, things now seem to be changing. But why?
CHAPTERS
0:00 Introduction and Titles
00:51 The Resource Curse: Venezuela and Dictatorship
02:19 Venezuela: Geography and Population
02:49 The Emergence of Venezuela
04:16 Venezuela and the Oil Industry
05:38 Venezuela under Hugo Chavez
07:37 Venezuela under Nicolas Maduro
10:39 Is Maduro Now Accepted as President?
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Current Issues and Disputes
International Relations, Conflict and Security in the Americas and Caribbean
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FURTHER READING & USEFUL SOURCES
Venezuela Foreign Ministry
State Department – US Relations with Venezuela
EU Relations with Venezuela
UN Debate on Venezuela (2019)
Venezuela What Everyone Needs to Know
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KEYWORDS
#Venezuela #Maduro #dictatorship
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